Climate Change - The last 22,000 years of global temperature change



This graph shows how temperatures have changed over the last 11,000 years, since the end of the last glacial stage.
The graph uses data from modern temperature records, plus information about the past from a research paper that combined data from over 70 different scientific studies.

The next graph adds data from even further back in time:


The green part covers the time as the last glacial stage was coming to an end, and the great ice sheets were melting.

The last glacial stage ended about 10,000 years ago. 

Then, for nearly 5,000 years, global temperature was surprisingly stable. 

In the next 5,000 years, up to about 1800, global temperature declined by about 0.7 deg.C.

There were some variations in that slow decline:


From 1800 until 2000, temperature rose by about 0.8 deg.C, according to the World Meteorological Organisation.
This chart shows the annual average global temperatures from NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)

One thing to note ….. every La Nina ‘year’ since 1998 was warmer than every El Nino ‘year’ before 1995.  

Temperatures now are higher than during any part of the Holocene.
The United States National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration has produced this graphic of the modern instrumental temperature record.

Global surface temperature anomaly for 2015 so far is in green - the 6 previous warmest years are in red.



One excellent source of information on changes in global temperatures is Berkeley Earth.

The recent rise in temperature has happened as industrial societies have burned fossil fuels.

Popular posts from this blog

Climate Change - The link with mass extinctions

Image
What is the worst-case scenario for climate change? The geological record shows that when the atmosphere suddenly changes, there are big effects on living things. Five major  mass extinction  events are recorded in the rock record of the last 600 million years. The biggest extinction was at the end of the  Permian , around 252 million years ago. It is called the  End-Permian mass extinction. Only about 8% of species survived to live on in the Triassic Period. This photo shows geologists investigating tilted sedimentary rocks at Shangsi in South China. Triassic rocks (at the top right) lie over the older Permian rocks. Each mass extinction in the rocks matches with a change in the chemistry of the rocks called a ' carbon excursion '. Some of the carbon excursions are 'negative CEs' and some are 'positive CEs'. Negative CEs  indicate that lots of gaseous carbon compounds escaped into the air, causing warming. These are sometime
Read more

Climate Change - The Greenhouse Effect

Image
What do scientists mean by the " Greenhouse Effect "? When the Sun's energy arrives at the Earth, it travels through the air. Some is reflected back to space, but some hits the Earth and warms it. The warm Earth gives off  infrared radiation  with various wavelengths.   Some of those waves can pass back out of the air to space, but some are absorbed by certain gases in the air. The gases then re-emit the energy into the air. If there are more of those gases, less heat escapes into space. An extreme case has happened on Venus. Concentrated  'greenhouse gases'  on Venus have caused the surface temperature to rise to 735  Kelvin  (462 degrees C; around 900 degrees F) Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have risen quickly  since people began burning large quantities of fossil fuels. There was carbon dioxide in the air before that, at around 270 parts per million. Without any carbon dioxide, the Earth would be very cold.
Read more

Climate Change - Coal and carbon dioxide

Image
Coal, oil and natural gas are  fossil fuels . When they are burned, they  change the Earth's atmosphere. How is that possible?       C oal  is a good example. Coal was formed  hundreds of millions of years ago . Geologists say that a three-metre (10-foot) coal seam took between  12,000 and 60,000 years  to form . Ancient trees and other plants lived, died and were fossilised. All those plants took  carbon dioxide  out of the atmosphere.  Some larger coal seams are, for example, 10 metres thick. They took around  40,000 years to form,  but have been mined and burned in a little over  100 years. The fastest rise of CO 2  in the air seen in   the ice core record (800,000 years)  is  20 ppm in 1000 years. The CO 2  level in the atmosphere is now rising at around  20 ppm per decade . The  carbon  joins up with  oxygen  when it burns. Each carbon atom joins with two oxygen atoms to make a  carbon dioxide molecule .  As a result, oxygen concentration i
Read more